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Chapter 9 CARBON AND ITS COMPOUND

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 ICSE CHEMISTRY CLASS 8

Chapter: Carbon and its Compounds

Introduction to Carbon: Carbon is a versatile element that forms the basis of all living things and a vast array of organic compounds. Its unique bonding properties allow it to form a variety of molecules, making it essential for life and industry.

Key Concepts:

  1. Tetravalency of Carbon:

    • Carbon has four valence electrons, allowing it to form up to four covalent bonds with other atoms.

  2. Hydrocarbons:

    • Hydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

    • Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds, while alkenes and alkynes have double and triple bonds, respectively.

  3. Functional Groups:

    • Functional groups are specific arrangements of atoms in organic compounds that determine their chemical properties.

  4. Isomerism:

    • Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements, leading to distinct properties.

  5. Homologous Series:

    • Homologous series are groups of organic compounds with similar functional groups and successive members differing by a CH2 unit.

  6. Nomenclature of Organic Compounds:

    • IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) rules are used to systematically name organic compounds.

  7. Properties of Carbon Compounds:

    • Carbon compounds can be organic or inorganic, with unique properties due to the versatility of carbon bonding.

Examples of Carbon Compounds:

  1. Alkanes:

    • Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds.

    • Example: Methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6).

  2. Alkenes:

    • Alkenes have at least one double bond.

    • Example: Ethene (C2H4), propene (C3H6).

  3. Alkynes:

    • Alkynes contain at least one triple bond.

    • Example: Ethyne (C2H2), propyne (C3H4).

  4. Alcohols:

    • Alcohols have the functional group -OH.

    • Example: Methanol (CH3OH), ethanol (C2H5OH).

  5. Carboxylic Acids:

    • Carboxylic acids have the functional group -COOH.

    • Example: Acetic acid (CH3COOH), formic acid (HCOOH).

  6. Esters:

    • Esters are derived from carboxylic acids and alcohols.

    • Example: Ethyl acetate (CH3COOC2H5).

Applications of Carbon Compounds:

  1. Energy Sources:

    • Fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, and natural gas are carbon compounds used for energy.

  2. Polymers:

    • Polymers, such as plastics and synthetic fibers, are carbon-based compounds with diverse applications.

  3. Medicines:

    • Many pharmaceutical compounds are carbon-based and play a crucial role in medical treatments.

  4. Food and Nutrition:

    • Organic compounds like carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are essential for nutrition and energy.

Environmental Considerations:

  1. Green Chemistry:

    • Green chemistry focuses on developing environmentally friendly processes and reducing the environmental impact of carbon compounds.

Conclusion: The study of carbon and its compounds is fundamental to understanding the chemistry of life and the materials around us. Carbon's ability to form diverse and complex molecules makes it a central element in both biological systems and technological advancements.


Here are 15 questions and answers based on the ICSE Class 8 Chemistry syllabus for the chapter "Carbon and its Compounds":


Questions:


Q1: How many valence electrons does carbon have?

A1: Carbon has four valence electrons.


Q2: What is the term for compounds consisting of only carbon and hydrogen?

A2: Hydrocarbons.


Q3: What is the general formula of alkanes?

A3: CnH2n+2, where n is the number of carbon atoms.


Q4: Which type of hydrocarbons have at least one double bond between carbon atoms?

A4: Alkenes.


Q5: What is isomerism in organic compounds?

A5: Isomerism is when compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.


Q6: What are functional groups in organic compounds?

A6: Functional groups are specific atom arrangements that determine the chemical properties of organic compounds.


Q7: Give an example of a carboxylic acid.

A7: Acetic acid (CH3COOH).


Q8: What is a homologous series in organic chemistry?

A8: A homologous series is a group of compounds with similar functional groups and a regular increase in the number of carbon atoms.


Q9: How are organic compounds named using IUPAC rules?

A9: IUPAC rules provide a systematic way to name organic compounds based on their structure.


Q10: Which class of organic compounds has a general formula of CnH2n?

A10: Alkenes.


Q11: What is the functional group in alcohols?

A11: -OH (hydroxyl group).


Q12: What is the role of carboxylic acids in nature?

A12: Carboxylic acids are involved in metabolic processes and are important components of living organisms.


Q13: Give an example of an ester.

A13: Ethyl acetate (CH3COOC2H5).


Q14: Which class of organic compounds contains a triple bond between carbon atoms? A14: Alkynes.


Q15: What are the main sources of carbon compounds used as energy sources?

A15: Fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas.


Here are 15 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) along with their answers, based on the ICSE Class 8 Chemistry syllabus for the chapter "Carbon and its Compounds":


Questions:


Q1: Which element forms the basis of organic chemistry?

a) Oxygen

b) Nitrogen

c) Carbon

d) Hydrogen

Answer: c) Carbon


Q2: How many valence electrons does a carbon atom have?

a) 2

b) 4

c) 6

d) 8

Answer: b) 4


Q3: What is the general formula of alkanes?

a) CnH2n

b) CnH2n+1

c) CnH2n+2

d) CnH2n-2

Answer: c) CnH2n+2


Q4: Which type of hydrocarbons contain at least one double bond between carbon atoms? a) Alkanes

b) Alkenes

c) Alkynes

d) Aromatics

Answer: b) Alkenes


Q5: What is the functional group present in alcohols?

a) -COOH

b) -CHO

c) -OH

d) -NH2

Answer: c) -OH


Q6: Which class of organic compounds contains a triple bond between carbon atoms?

a) Alkanes

b) Alkenes

c) Alkynes

d) Alcohols

Answer: c) Alkynes


Q7: What is the term for compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements?

a) Homologous series

b) Isomerism

c) Functional groups

d) Aromatic compounds

Answer: b) Isomerism


Q8: Which functional group is characteristic of carboxylic acids?

a) -OH

b) -COOH

c) -NH2

d) -CHO

Answer: b) -COOH


Q9: What is the systematic naming of organic compounds according to IUPAC rules called? a) Isomerism

b) Aromatics

c) Nomenclature

d) Homologous series

Answer: c) Nomenclature


Q10: Which class of organic compounds has a general formula of CnH2n?

a) Alkanes

b) Alkenes

c) Alkynes

d) Aromatics

Answer: b) Alkenes


Q11: Which type of organic compounds are involved in metabolic processes and are components of living organisms?

a) Alkanes

b) Alkenes

c) Carboxylic acids

d) Esters

Answer: c) Carboxylic acids


Q12: What is the primary source of carbon compounds used as energy sources?

a) Soil

b) Air

c) Fossil fuels

d) Water

Answer: c) Fossil fuels


Q13: Which class of organic compounds are important components of plastics and synthetic fibers?

a) Alkanes

b) Alkenes

c) Polymers

d) Carboxylic acids

Answer: c) Polymers


Q14: Which functional group is present in esters?

a) -OH

b) -COOH

c) -NH2

d) -COO

Answer: d) -COO


Q15: What does the term "homologous series" mean in organic chemistry?

a) Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements

b) A group of compounds with similar functional groups and regular increase in carbon atoms

c) Compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon atoms

d) A group of isomers

Answer: b) A group of compounds with similar functional groups and regular increase in carbon atoms

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